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14 The same dose reaches a mean C max of 67 ± 30 ng/mL, with a mean T max of 9.2 ± 6.6 hours, and an AUC of 1700 ± 500 h*ng/mL.

7Ī 10 mg intramuscular phylloquinone dose is 89.2% ± 25.4% bioavailable. 7 1.5 ± 0.8 nmol is found in the plasma compartment, and 3.6 ± 3.4 nmol is found in the second compartment. TargetĪ 4 µg oral dose of phylloquinone is 13% ± 9% bioavailable, with a T max of 4.7 ± 0.8 hours. 10 The role of vitamin K in osteroarthritis, 10 bone density, 11 and vascular calcification 12 is currently under investigation. Vitamin K may also carboxylate matrix proteins in chondrocytes, inhibiting calcification of joints, and may increase type II collagen. 6 Binding of calcium ions converts these clotting factors to their active form, which are then secreted from hepatocytes into the blood, restoring normal clotting function. 7, 8 Gamma carboxylase attaches carboxylic acid functional groups to glutamate, allowing precursors of factors II, VII, IX, and X to bind calcium ions. Vitamin K is a cofactor of gamma-carboxylase.

9, 18 Patients should have their prothrombin time monitored during therapy and healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased risk of hypersensitivity reactions with parenteral administration. 17 It has a long duration of action as vitamin K is cycled in the body, 6 and a wide therapeutic index as large doses can be tolerated. Phylloquinone is a vitamin K indicated in the treatment of coagulation disorders due to faulty formation of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X caused by deficiency or interference in the activity of vitamin K.